HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM

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HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM

NEWEST 2025/2026 COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND

CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ( VERIFIED ANSWERS)

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A severely stressed patient has cold, clammy skin. The healthcare professional quizzes the student about this effect. The student correctly answers that this effect is directly from which action?

• Epinephrine dilating blood vessels leading to the vital organs
• Norepinephrine constricting blood vessels in the skin
• Dilating the airways to increased oxygenation of the tissues
• Dysfunctional temperature regulation from cortisol secretion -

ANSWER-B. In a stress response, the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine are complementary. While epinephrine dilates blood vessels to the vital organs (among other things), norepinephrine constricts blood vessels in the viscera and skin, providing more blood supply for those vital organs. The clinical result is cold, clammy skin. Epinephrine can also dilate airways, but this does not produce the skin changes as described. Temperature dysregulation is not the cause of the cold, clammy skin.

Released stress-induced cortisol results in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by affecting which structure?

• Adrenal cortex
• Pancreas 1 / 4

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• Liver
• Anterior pituitary - ANSWER-C. One of the primary effects of

cortisol is the stimulation of gluconeogenesis through stimulation of the liver. The adrenal cortex, pancreas, and anterior pituitary do not produce stimulation of gluconeogenesis when exposed to cortisol.

What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?

• Suppression of B-cell responses and enhancement of T-cell responses
• Suppression of T-cell responses and enhancement of B-cell responses
• Suppression of B- and T-cell responses
• Enhancement of B- and T-cell responses - ANSWER-C. Androgens

suppress T- and B-cell responses. Androgens do not enhance either B- or T-cell responses

Which statement is true concerning the differences between stress- induced hormonal alterations of men and women? a. After injury, women produce more proinflammatory cytokines than men, a profile that is associated with poor outcomes.

• Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis

after injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than in injured women.

• Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition

decreases both testosterone and cortisol, especially in athletes older than 45 years of age.

• After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women, but

testosterone is decreased in men. - ANSWER-B. Androgens appear to 2 / 4

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induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis after injury, a mechanism that may elicit a greater immunosuppression in injured men vs. injured women. Men produce more proinflammatory cytokines.Competitive stress increases testosterone and cortisol. Estrogen is not increased in women after stressful stimuli.

A reduction in an individual's number of natural killer (NK) cells appears to correlate with an increased risk for the development of what?

• Depression
• Type 1 diabetes
• Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) - ANSWER-A. A meta-

analysis of studies shows a relationship between depression and the reduction in lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity.Currently, no research supports correlations between the number of NK cells and type 1 diabetes, OCD, or GERD.

Which cancer originates from connective tissue?

• Osteogenic sarcoma
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Multiple myeloma
• Adenocarcinoma - ANSWER-A. Cancers arising from connective

tissue usually have the suffix -sarcoma. Carcinomas arise in epithelial tissue. Myeloma arises in the bone marrow.

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Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?

• Blood vessels
• Epithelial cells
• Connective tissue
• Glandular tissue - ANSWER-B. Only cancers arising from epithelial

cells are called carcinomas. Connective tissue cancers are called sarcomas. Glandular tissue cancers are named adenocarcinomas.Malignant cancers can invade blood vessels.

Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?

• Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
• Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
• Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
• Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia. - ANSWER-C.

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. These early stage cancers are localized to the epithelium and have not broken through the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers to changes in mature cell structure.

Which term is used to describe a cell showing a loss of cellular differentiation?

• Dysplasia
• Hyperplasia
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